Philip Smith, Brad West, in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), 2008. Political Studies Association’s Annual Conference, post-structuralist thought is M. Brosseau, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. A world of different, and perhaps even conflicting, viewpoints is better than a world of conformity. What calls forth my respect is precisely that otherness to which I can have no analogical relation. Martin and Edkins explore the ramifications of Most striking of all, both counsel a recognition that the terms in which one thinks about the world and the views one takes on it are not shared by everyone else, nor should they be. Post-structuralism questions the very definition and understanding of the In sociology, anthropology, archaeology, history and linguistics, structuralism is a general theory of culture and methodology that implies that elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader system. and discipline and a site of agency. Scott, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. Although Derrida’s work has been highly controversial, it has grown in influence in recent years. Derrida, like Foucault, refuses easy classification – he has been described as the last structuralist and as the first post-structuralist and his work has been seen as both philosophy and literary criticism. Critically Asses the Strengths and weaknesses of Post-Structuralism as Approach to study of Public Policy. The former distinction is gradational; one is more or less normal and more or less abnormal. Michel Foucault's (1926–84) works are diverse and wide ranging, appearing in dispersed forms (books, articles, lectures, and interviews), and defying easy categorization. Another set of questions are suggested by the perspective of discursive psychology. Philosophy Group (out of which the idea for this collection sprang) have been suggestions and promissory notes need further amplification. Different styles of discourse work address rather different kinds of questions. This work is often critical of individualistic conceptions of therapy. In the wake of Foucault it has become standard practice to map out ‘discourses’, trace their links to power and interests, and to discuss their implications whether or not one is a Foucauldian. ), H.V. In keeping with their more general philosophical commitments, however, their reluctance has to do more with language than with historical–political processes. poststructuralist thought has made its coherence difficult to demonstrate and its The topic is ‘Post-Structuralism and Political Analysis’ which we approach through the theme of ‘Democracy and Government’. In this context there are two ways of While entertaining participants of this street party, the resident performers of the local Spanish restaurant create a ‘Spanish’ soundscape through song, instrumentation, dance, and costume. What I propose to do is offer a central prescriptive for each approach that captures a significant aspect of what each seeks. Post-structuralism emerged in France during the 1960s as an antinomian movement critiquing structuralism. Notwithstanding, it is possible to categorize new directions along the following lines, which undercut the apparent impression of fragmentation associated with scholarship in a postmodern environment. New directions in the geographical engagement with literature are difficult to organize into coherent streams of research given the plurality of contemporary studies in terms of literary genres studied, themes raised, critical stances adopted, and political prerogatives foregrounded. A quick primer on difference between structuralism and post-structuralism. Post-structuralism is an intellectual movement that emerged in philosophy and the humanities in the 1960s and 1970s. In each case, a In the postcolonial area, scholars assert that imperialism and conquest were made possible by discourses that marked out colonized people as different, as the ‘other’. Moreover, both approaches seek to develop action-guiding views that do not come in the form of universal prescriptives, and thus to connect their views with our lives without falling into the trap of traditional moral discourse. Post-structuralism comprises a variety of reactions to structuralism, primarily by philosophers such as Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze, and Lyotard. How do different styles of questioning perform different tasks (Bergmann, 1992; Peräkylä, 1995; Silverman, 1997b)? This public process is M. Duffy, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. Questions of space are implanted in the breadth and depth of Foucauldian concerns, and the development of Foucauldian perspectives on ‘the spatial’, again, takes diverse forms. … My books aren’t treatises in philosophy or studies of history: at most, they are philosophical fragments put to work in a historical field of problems. What is the role of problem formulations by both therapists and clients, and how are they transformed and negotiated (Buttny, 1996; Buttny & Jensen, 1995; Madill & Barkham, 1997)? Globalization, Ideology and Critique, Political Nature: Environmentalism and the Interpretation of Western Thought, Deconstruction, Structuralism, Antisemitism and the Law. Structuralism posits the concept of binary opposition, in which frequently used pairs of opposite but related words (concepts) are often arranged in a hierarchy, for example: Enlightenment/Romantic, male/female, speech/writing, rational/emotional, sign… To see this distinction, let us consider two ways of thinking about respect for the other. 1 Susan Stephenson Sarum College , Salisbury The traditional view of politics designates the political as the public Later, Haraway made a sophisticated attempt to spring the ‘either/or’ trap: unwilling to lose all claim to objectivity she proposes a feminist objectivity built from ‘partial critical knowledge located in multiple embodied sites sharing a web of connections called solidarity in politics.’ Harding too made an attempt to go beyond the ‘either/or’ dichotomy in her advocacy of ‘strong objectivity,’ an argument which has much in common with the earlier externalist analysis of Marxism. critical sense, of post-structuralism can be seen in its efforts to interrogate These prescriptives are different in the two approaches, however. Music is also an experiential process, and this opens up the possibilities of understanding the role of immediacy and presence in creating social and spatial relationships. Among feminist science studies scholars it was the historian Donna Haraway who embraced post-structuralism decisively, simultaneously throwing into question the possibility of universal reliable knowledge. Our emotional responses to such events therefore help foster social capital in that we are encouraged to develop strong emotional ties to other participants, to an imagined community and its connection to ideas of place. Politics and Post-structuralism: An Introduction, Similar indeterminacy exists when attempting to locate Foucault's writings within a conventional spectrum of philosophical–social–theoretical perspectives: humanism–antihumanism; structuralism–post-structuralism–postmodernism; social constructivism–phenomenology; behavioralism–psychoanalysis. What discourses are used to construct different notions of the person, of the family, and of breakdown in therapy (Burman, 1995; Frosh, Burck, Strickland-Clark, & Morgan, 1996; Soal & Kottler, 1996)? For example, what are the discursive resources that young women draw on to construct notions of femininity, agency, and body image in the context of eating disorders (Malson & Ussher, 1996; Wetherell, 1996)? into the ways in which post-structuralism might move us beyond the Poststructuralism is a style of critical reasoning that focuses on the moment of slippage in our systems of meaning as a way to identify—right there, in that ambiguous space—the ethical choices that we make, whether in our writings or in everyday life, when we overcome the ambiguity and move from indeterminacy to certainty of belief in Through language, certain actors, concepts and events are placed in hierarchical pairs, named binary oppositions, whereby one element of the set is favoured over the other in order to create or perpetuate meaning. Contemporary Political Theory, Foucault's influence has been extensive but polymorphous – for instance, in France, his work is much more prominent in philosophy than it is in geography, while in Germany there is a wealth of Foucauldian-inspired analyses of the state. Music is an important representational practice, with lyrics, instrumentation, and style evoking images of particular places and identities (Figure 2). Cultural and social geography’s more intense engagement with literary theory, post-structuralism, postcolonialism, feminist theory, and, more generally, with cultural studies as a whole has contributed to redefining geography’s relationship with literature. It is closely related to Post-Modernism, although the two concepts are not synonymous. Post-structuralist reluctance to embrace a principle like antirepresentationalism can be seen, ironically, as a way of trying to act in accordance with it. an intelligent, thought-provoking and lively collection which offers an insight perpetually the paradox of the subject and to imbue it with political In regard to geography, the movement's impact has been largest in cultural geography, where it has led to new perspectives on landscapes, representation, and identity. In the case of post-structuralism, it is the failure to respect multiplicity and particularity that are the source of discomfort; in the case of deconstruction, the failure concerns uncategorizable otherness. While scholarly energies initially dwelled on uncovering the politics embedded within particular representations, the emphasis increasingly shifted toward exploring the discursive, spatial, and embodied ways in which dominant representational practices may be challenged or subverted by the marginalized or oppressed. Post-structural thinking certainly has limitations that we should explore and expose but to dismiss post-structuralism wholesale because it fails to match up to criteria to which it … In the English-speaking humanities and social sciences, there is hardly a discipline that has not been touched, to some extent, by the debates around Foucault's ideas or their stimulus to research: from the history and philosophy of science to accounting; from the ‘psy’ disciplines to law; from cultural studies to economics; from political theory to architecture; from education to geography – to indicate but a few. Drawing on his empirical research in North Africa and France, and on the theoretical traditions of Marxism, semiotics, and pragmatism, Bourdieu developed the concepts of ‘habitus’ and ‘cultural capital’ to explain symbolic violence. perspectives in this book it is, as the editors state, ‘a commitment not to let the study of politics. The major interest in Bourdieu’s diverse oeuvre is the way that culture operates to reinforce social domination. Although the concept of difference originated as a technical tool of the deconstructive method, it has since been converted into both a normative goal and a descriptor of the good society. A BRIEF VIEW OF JACQUES DERRIDA'S DECONSTRUCTION ANDHERMENEUTICS, Contemporary Political Theory, Accordingly, post-structuralism discards the idea of interpreting media within pre-es Defining who or what one is necessarily involves defining models of what one is not. take place. with public institutions to negotiate their interests. In the second way, I respect the other precisely because the other is not another me – he/she/it is not like me and cannot be thought of as being like me without violence being done. Besides the critical perspective, post-structuralism also brings philosophical ideas and concepts to the study of international relations (Baylis, 2011, p. 69). Like Derrida and Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu is another profoundly influential French scholar who can be rather uncomfortably described as post-structural. importance for the discipline of politics difficult to explicate. Rev. poststructuralist approach is taken in order to unsettle concepts and models which Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Difference can mean many things ‐ inequality, the non‐same or change. Although a principle of respect for the otherness of the other seems straightforward, both Levinas and Derrida have avoided positing the principle as such. It is generally accepted that the various strands of thought associated with ‘post-structuralism’ have had an extensive impact on the study of politics in the UK and the United States over the past 30 years. The latter distinction is binary; intervention is called for only when one has crossed a clear line between the permitted and the forbidden. Working across the disciplinary boundaries of sociology, history, and philosophy, his historical studies rejected both Marxist class analysis and causal argument, arguing that the truth was an elusive – even dangerous – concept. the nature of the political in advance. Focused above all on representations that are produced by powerful groups or individuals, critical analyzes show how representations work to promote particular ways of knowing and imagining the world and particular constellations of power and privilege within it. It is derived in part from cultural schemas and in part from the adjustments that individuals make to their objective life circumstances. Festivals and spectacles are structured so as to produce certain responses which then give rise to feelings of belonging. the subject as an a priori, rational, autonomous actor. The essays making up this collection are organized into three sections. This article explores all these interpretations in the context of recent debates around development theory and praxis. Michel Foucault has been a key figure in understanding how violence has changed in recent centuries and questioning the morality of less brutal forms of punishment. Discourse researchers have also been moving beyond clinical settings to study how people with clinical problems or learning difficulties manage in everyday settings (Brewer & Yearley, 1989; Pollner & Wikler, 1985; Wootton, 1989). There are thus many ‘Foucaults’, and ‘Foucauldianism’ should not be understood to refer to any kind of endeavor to produce a unified theory of history or society. hostile response from critics who claim that post-structuralists abnegate ethical Rather, it implies that no way of being is inherently better or worse, aside from the effects that it has. Post-structuralists critiqued structuralism's reliance on centers and binary oppositions; they questioned the soundness of ontology and demonstrated the emergence of Truth regimes; and they developed new ways of thinking about difference and identity that are anti-essentialist rather than grounded or fixed a priori. The Politics of Change. Medd); and models for political science (Paul Haynes). It was equally clear that, for science theorists, more relativistic positions were entirely possible, whether they were historicized as by materialism or full-blown as by nominalism. ‘Foucauldianism’ continues to be, very literally, ‘works in progress’. political analysis and includes contributions on a wide range of topics: the STRUCTURALISM AND POSTSTRUCTURALISM. POST-STRUCTURALISM The terms structuralism and post-structuralism both refer to a political, literary, and aesthetic expansion of CONTI-NENTAL PHILOSOPHY that developed in the second half of the twentieth century in a fashion parallel to certain developments in analytic philosophy. In areas like queer theory and postcolonial studies, especially, his ideas about reading have been adopted as a subversive strategy through which dominant discourses are problematized and alternative visions retrieved. Conclusion. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify a number of themes that run through these works and their developments, and the next section outlines some of these key issues and their significance for geography. In particular I focus on the ways in which post‐structuralist ideas have challenged those of various marxisms and how political activism may change as a result. political concepts are continually open to contestation and the task of radical Post-Structuralism in International Relations Theory. Derrida demonstrated the elusive nature of meanings through close reading of canonical texts, pointing to contradictions, ambiguities, or silences or showing that multiple readings can be made of the same passages. The otherness of the other, as distinct from just the other, can be thought of as the other in his/her/its difference from me. An influential and representative text in this regard has been literary critic Edward Said’s Orientalism. genre (specifically in terms of its designation of the distinction between public However, currents of thought in feminism, postcolonialism, and cultural studies (all of which engage closely with post-structuralism) have played a prominent role in developing geographers’ concerns, not only for analyzing representations and their effects in the world, but also for addressing the profoundly political issue of whose voices, views, and ways of knowing are represented in disciplinary geography, either as subjects of intellectual inquiry or as examples of valid geographical knowledge. Post-structuralism wants us to take think critically about how we construct the world. defined against a private realm of activity deemed outside the scope of proper significance’ (p. 35). and David Howarth); the economy (Glyn Daly); social welfare policy (Will thematic unity to the diverse contributions. It is these coagulations of social meaning that comprise discourse, in the sense of “ways of being in the world, or forms of life which integrate words, acts, values, beliefs, attitudes and social identities” (Gee, 1996); and it is these discourses that, in post-structuralist theory, produce, or become constitutive of, social reality. Place, identity, and belonging are constituted in the very acts of people engaging with the musical performance. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test … By ratifying anti-representationalism, one becomes leery of practices of normalization; a process of normalization can be morally justified only by the effects of normalizing, and not by the standard of normality to which one is being constrained. They both opened and foreclosed certain intellectual and practical possibilities but always linked people in definite relations of power. precarious fora of debate and decision-making that allows this contestation to These works engage with histories, philosophies, and philosophical histories of modern knowledge and ‘truth’; of science, psychiatry, medicine, and of the prison; of the state and its legal, administrative, and political institutions; of modern European sexuality, and Greek and Roman practices of self-formation; and the ways that time, space, and architecture are intertwined in the interrelations of practices and truths. designation of the political is itself something to be investigated. Instead, his archaeological and genealogical methods sought to trace the ways that power and knowledge were intertwined in local and contextual ways in the construction of human subjects. For all three, the process of normalization is insidious, both because it narrows the possibilities for living that people might engage in and because it reinforces other oppressive social relationships. political. However, there is a What is the role of the therapist's tokens such as “okay” or “mmhm” (Beach, 1995; Czyzewski, 1995)? theoretical discourse. In contrast, the later theoretical movements emphasized the inconsistency, openness, or absence of meaning, pointing to the role of the reader, and questioning the ability of academic inquiry to determine truth. Foucault, Deleuze, and Lyotard have, as noted, always shied away from prescriptives. It challenged the tenets of structuralism, which had previously held sway over the interpretation of language and texts in the humanities and the study of economies and cultures in the social sciences. However, music has the potential to reconfigure the festival as a site of subversion, playing against the meanings ascribed by the festival’s official framework. subjects and tools of political theory and political science has often evoked a The questions it addresses focus on the practices of interaction in their natural contexts and the sorts of discursive resources that are drawn on those contexts. In each case, a poststructuralist approach is taken in order to unsettle concepts and models which are often taken for granted within the mainstream political science. Figure 2. The distinction between the normal and the abnormal works differently from the distinction between the permitted and the forbidden. As a result, there was increased interest in alternative radical p… Feminist pedagogy as a new initiative in the education of South African teachers, A BRIEF VIEW OF JACQUES DERRIDA'S DECONSTRUCTION ANDHERMENEUTICS, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.cpt.9300062.pdf. However, the approaches that were developed in the 1970s and 1980s have not completely disappeared. At the same time, however, the French communist party's (PCF) support of the oppressive policies of the USSR contributed to popular disillusionment with orthodox Marxism. should love not appear as a political concept or the family as a political system? into question the ‘naturalness’ of these conceptions. What Is The Difference Between Post-Structuralism and Structuralism? The final section of Walker writes a textbook based in the post-structuralist ethos aimed at political science undergraduates in attempt to teach that the "possibility of truth is [in] different way so that if anything can be said to unite the otherwise diverse Jul 2003, This is a preview of a remote PDF: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.cpt.9300062.pdf, Susan Stephenson. The difficulties in apprehending Foucault's work and its theoretical position are further exacerbated by the order and rate at which it has been published in France and elsewhere; the problems of translation, retranslation, and yet-to-be-translated into various languages; and the ways in which it has been taken up at different times in different places and by different disciplines. However, his influence on cultural studies has been enormous. Here Derridean ideas of difference have often been combined with ideas about the ‘other’ derived from earlier scholars such as Lacan and Levinas, especially in the area known as postcolonial studies. My work takes place between unfinished abutments and anticipatory strings of dots. At the same time, however, anxieties have emerged over the legitimacy with which geographers may claim to represent the views and experiences of other groups or individuals or, to put it another way, to provide them with a ‘voice’, especially when researchers and research subjects are separated by profound cultural, social, or educational differences. of post-structuralist analysis is at one and the same time a site of subordination Williams and Valentine His studies of asylums, hospitals, and prisons emphasized processes of surveillance and control that accompanied the growth of the modern human sciences and their associated ‘discourses’. The Skeptic's Oakeshott In a key paper (which echoed silently philosopher David Bloor's methodological stance of refusing to privilege the truth claims of the natural sciences), Haraway, despite her respect for Hubbard as a pioneering feminist biologist, pointed to her uneven treatment of truth claims. security, respectively, demonstrating, in each case, how post-structuralism calls Derrida’s ideas about difference have also been highly influential. However, this is Humanistic studies of literature with a relatively unchanged focus on spatial experience and sense of place are still regularly contributed, albeit many incorporate contemporary themes, as in the case of a collection edited by King, Connell, and White that considers the intersection of identity, gender, travel, exile, and migration. Deconstruction, too, has implicitly embraced a moral principle, although its embrace is perhaps closer to the surface than that of post-structuralism. Structuralism emerged as a dominant intellectual paradigm in France in the late 1950s in part in response to the existentialist emphasis on subjectivity and individual autonomy — personified in the work and person of Jean-Paul Sartre — and in part as a reflection of the rising influence of research in the human sciences. political engagement’ (p. 1). Claude L evi-Strauss, the founder of the structural revolution in anthropology, passed in October 2009. In this way, festivals are important in social strategies seeking to address the growing sense of alienation and insecurity felt in public space, or in places with diverse resident groups. The difficult questions surrounding contemporary practices of representation in geography are illustrated by past debates about whether contemporary researchers who seek to undermine discriminatory representations (such as those produced by agents of colonialism) by making them the object of critical analysis run the risk of inadvertently reinforcing the very ideas and ideologies that these representations convey. Cheston (1996) has studied the way descriptions of the past in a therapy group of older adults can create a set of social identities for the members. But when he turns his attention to the genre of obligation, he endorses the Levinasian view that obligation comes from an otherness that cannot be directly spoken of or discursively justified. It gained increasing popularity inside and outside academia in the wake of the student and worker revolts against established systems (political, economic, cultural), which shook the Western world in 1968. In addition to this diversity of interests, Foucault continually reworked his ideas and revisited earlier studies from different perspectives, disrupting traditional notions of the progressive development of a body of work attributable to a singular ‘author’. Demonstrations of the ways in which representational practices can have tangible effects in the world, including the marginalization of certain knowledges and peoples or social groups, have therefore been central to geographical interest in the politics of representation. Both post-structuralists and deconstructionists seek to create a space for protecting that which does not fall easily into the traditional forms of moral discourse. By Aishling Mc Morrow The impact of poststructuralism within International Relations comes from its ability to not only identify and uncover power relations that dictate political events but also make space for alternative discourses. - structuralism in this context not to describe certain “unobservable” phenomena as the term is used in the field of international relations (Gaddis, 1992, p. 13), but rather to describe the underlying structures of society that affect developmental politics. George Brittaine and Joris-Karl Huysmans and Sensitive Subject/Object... Rev. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Poststructuralism/Poststructuralist Geographies, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Buttny & Jensen, 1995; Lee, 1995; Peräkylä, 1995; Silverman, 1997b, Bergmann, 1992; Peräkylä, 1995; Silverman, 1997b, Buttny, 1996; Buttny & Jensen, 1995; Madill & Barkham, 1997, Brewer & Yearley, 1989; Pollner & Wikler, 1985; Wootton, 1989, Burman, 1995; Frosh, Burck, Strickland-Clark, & Morgan, 1996; Soal & Kottler, 1996, Antaki & Rapley, 1996; Garfinkel, 1967b; Rapley & Antaki, 1996; Soyland, 1994, Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), Similar indeterminacy exists when attempting to locate Foucault's writings within a conventional spectrum of philosophical–social–theoretical perspectives: humanism–antihumanism; structuralism–. Inspiration for such projects has undoubtedly been drawn directly from the work of key post-structuralist theorists such as Foucault and Derrida. animating these activities are the object of political theory. (Photograph by Michelle Duffy. She suggests: ‘Perhaps the uniqueness, and Thus it was matter of common recognition that natural scientists, particularly biologists, had to be realists. 241-243, Volume 2, Issue 2, DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300062. Structuralism is an intellectual tendency that seeks to understand and explain social reality in terms of social structures. For poststructuralists, language is one of the most crucial elements for the creation and perpetuation of a dominant discourse. ask questions about how politics takes place and to see how our answers to For example, in a classic feminist paper Davis (1986) charts the way a woman's struggles with her oppressive social circumstances are transformed into individual psychological problems suitable for individual therapy. Post-structuralism: An Introduction Alan Finlayson 0 1 I like to open up a space of research, try it out, and then if it doesn’t work, try again somewhere else. 0 1 The adherents of structuralism in international political science insist that structuralism is not the best approach to understanding of international relations, because they are full of uncertainty. still often considered at best of marginal concern and at worst irrelevant to the There is a certain amount of tension in this collection between the editors’ Although I do not believe that the worry that motivates their reluctance to engage in the formation of principles is indeed a philosophical problem, one can see how their philosophical views could lead to such a worry. In doing so, we argue that a geographical sensibility, that is, an alertness to space, space–time contexts, historicogeographical specificities and so on, should be considered part and parcel of postdisciplinary, post-structural theorizing, research, and politics.
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