scipio definition world history

Hannibal arranged his infantry in three phalangial lines designed to overlap the Roman lines. Serapio's son, the fourth Scipio Nasica, was even more conservative, and rose to be consul in 111 BC. What remains are accounts of his doings in Polybius, Livy's Histories (which say little about his private life), supplemented with the surviving histories of Appian and Cassius Dio, and the odd anecdote in Valerius Maximus. This suggests that it was known that Africanus was not buried inside Rome, and it is possible that his sarcophagus did indeed resemble an altar (although there is no direct evidence for this), given that that of the "founder" of the Scipiones, Scipio Barbatus, which can be found in pride of place in the family tomb, is altar-like in style. Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. Despite this resistance, Scipio gathered resources from clients and supporters in Rome and among the Italian communities; this allowed him to muster a volunteer force of 30 warships and 7000 men.[13]. Scipio is also referenced in the Italian national anthem. Verb a dealer who imports cars from Italy to the U.S. software that makes it simple to import digital photographs onto your hard drive Noun This car is an import from Italy. This broke the back of Hasdrubal's army and routed his forces—an impressive feat for the young Roman versus the veteran Carthaginian general. The Gracchi brothers championed land redistribution in order to boost the ranks of potential Roman soldiers, as Roman soldiers needed to own land to be enfranchised for service in the legions and the number of Roman land owners was withering. Kingdoms, Battles, Expeditions. He also enjoyed the reputation of being a graceful orator, the secret of his sway being his deep self-confidence and radiant sense of fairness. Scipio, already known for his bravery and patriotism, was elected unanimously and the Tribunes abandoned their opposition. When the Carthaginian elephants charged, they found well laid traps before the Roman position and were greeted by Roman trumpeters, which drove many back out of confusion and fear. Scipio Africanus, also called Scipio Africanus the Elder, Latin Scipio Africanus Major, in full Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, (born 236 bce —died 183 bce, Liternum, Campania [now Patria, Italy]), Roman general noted for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the great Battle of Zama (202 bce), ending the Second Punic War. In 190 BC, when the Romans declared war against Antiochus III, Publius offered to join his brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus if the Senate entrusted the chief command to him. Practice The woman's fiancé, who soon married her, responded by bringing over his tribe to support the Roman armies.[12]. Scipio's army then marched towards Hannibal's veterans, who had not yet taken part in the battle. The Carthaginians were also preoccupied with revolts in Africa. Though not a "battle," both Polybius and Livy estimate that the death toll in this single attack exceeded 40,000 Carthaginian and Numidian dead, and more captured. You can refine the search results by selecting any of the filters below. [citation needed] As Lucius was in the act of producing his account-books, his brother wrested them from his hands, tore them in pieces, and flung them on the floor of the Senate house. [16] Scipio was also harmed by some senators' disdain of his ideals, beliefs, and interests in unconventional areas such as Hellenophile tastes in art, luxuries, and philosophies. The people crowded round him and followed him to the Capitol, where they offered thanks to the gods and begged them to give Rome more citizens like Scipio Africanus. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Choose from 500 different sets of world history chapter 7 flashcards on Quizlet. At the same time, Hannibal Barca and his army were recalled to Carthage, and despite the moderate terms offered to Carthage by Scipio, Carthage suddenly suspended negotiations and again prepared for war. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. Many Roman aristocrats, especially Cato, expected Scipio to raze that city to the ground after his victory. moderation] of Scipio' was a stock motif in exemplary literature and art,[30] as was the 'Dream of Scipio', portraying his allegorical choice between Virtue and Luxury. ; Rom. His rise was spectacular and letters survive from soldiers under his command in Hispania show that they believed that he possessed the same abilities as his grandfather. He is also known as Scipio the Elder. Scipio and Aemilia Paulla also had two surviving daughters. Phoenicia was an ancient civilization composed of independent city-states located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea stretching through what is now Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel.The Phoenicians were a great maritime people, known for their mighty ships adorned with horses' heads in honor of their god of the sea, Yamm, the brother of Mot, the god of death. [citation needed] This high-handed act shamed the prosecution, and it appears that the case against Lucius was dismissed, though Lucius would again be prosecuted, and this time convicted, after the death of Scipio. The forces stationed in Sicily at this time included a variety of forces. This humanitarian act encouraged local chieftains to both supply and reinforce Scipio's small army. ^ Scipio Africanus : Final Act (187–184 BCE) History of the Hellenistic and Roman World ^ Livy, Roman History, XXVI , 50 (extract) ^ Womanly virtue. Valerius Maximus is hostile to Scipio Africanus in other matters such as his frequent visits to the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which Maximus saw as "fake religion. They had at least one surviving son (of whom more below). Disillusioned by the ingratitude of his peers, Scipio left Rome and retired from public life at his villa in Liternum. He obtained a rich cache of war stores and supplies and an excellent harbour and base of operations. One popular theory for Scipio's failure to pursue Hasdrubal is that Scipio merely wanted the glory of securing Hispania, and an extended mountain campaign would have endangered that. When the Scipiones returned to Rome, two tribunes prosecuted (187 BC) Lucius on the grounds of misappropriation of money received from Antiochus. Scipio's mysterious death in 129 BC, at the age of 56, was blamed by some on his wife, and by others on his political rivals. Scipio was a member of the Salii, the college of priests of Mars. Coincidentally, his great rival Hannibal died in Bithynia in the same year or shortly thereafter, also an exile (albeit far from his native city and not by his own decision), pursued and harassed to the end by Romans such as Titus Quinctius Flamininus. Battle of Zama, victory (202 BCE) of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. Scipio pressed the Senate for permission to cross into Africa. Hamilcar died in 229 B.C. Others cite the Roman soldiers' appetite for plunder as preventing him from rallying in pursuit. His greatest military achievement was the defeat of Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (near modern Zama, Tunisia) in 202 BC. [14] Scipio turned Sicily into a camp for training his army. Scipione l'africano, written by Carmine Gallone, won the Mussolini Cup for the greatest Italian film at the 1937 Venice Film Festival. On his return to Hispania, Scipio had to quell a mutiny at Sucro which had broken out among his troops. By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the r… Publius Cornelius Scipio was born by Caesarean section[2] into the Scipio branch of the gens Cornelia. They were lynched by their relatives who disapproved of their methods and perhaps had economic reasons to fear the land redistribution. Scipio is said to have written his memoirs in Greek, but those are lost (perhaps destroyed) along with the history written by his elder son and namesake (adoptive father of Scipio Aemilianus) and his Life by Plutarch. Scipio intended to go to Africa, but due to the envy of others in the Senate, he was not given any additional troops beyond the Sicilian garrison. In the 2006 television film Hannibal, he is portrayed by British actor Shaun Dingwall, notably at the battles of Cannae and Zama. Less beneficially, the Scipios may have led the way in the inevitable chasm that grew up between the Roman elite and the Roman masses, in terms of the way the elite was educated and lived and in the amount of wealth they possessed. World in 500 BCE Some of the greatest thinkers in all world history are living at this time. [17] The two generals met on a plain between Carthage and Utica on October 19, 202 BC, at the final Battle of Zama. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Scipio feared that the armies of Mago and Gisco would enter the field and surround his small army. A.D., Valerius Maximus, Livy, 35.14 from mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ Plutarch also recounts this conversation in Life of Titus Flamininus, 21.3–4, "Giulio Licinio | The Continence of Scipio | NG643.2 | The National Gallery, London", "Raphael | An Allegory ('Vision of a Knight') | NG213 | The National Gallery, London", "How to get good generals in Centurion: Defender of Rome? He conquered the Carthaginian territory of Iberia for Rome, although the two Iberian provinces were not fully pacified for a couple of centuries. The elder Publius Cornelius Scipio was appointed an augur in 180 BC;[21] he never ran for office due to poor health. In the year of Scipio's arrival (211 BC),[11] all of Hispania south of the Ebro river was under Carthaginian control. Join us to help inspire future generations and meet others who share an interest in the past. Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal had meanwhile marched for Italy, and in 206 BC Scipio himself, having secured the Roman occupation of Hispania by the capture of Gades, gave up his command and returned to Rome. While the First Punic War had been fought largely over control of Sicily, the Second Punic War involved confrontations in Spain, Italy... Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome (218-202 BCE). The World Digital Library provides free access to manuscripts, rare books, maps, photographs, and other important cultural documents from all countries and cultures, in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Russian and Start studying AP World History Chapter 14. The group publishes the following magazines (each links to respective This may have been because Hannibal, in the service of Antiochus III of Syria, might have come to Carthage to gather support for a new attack on Italy. During the Battle of Ticinus, he saved his father's life by "charging the encircling force alone with reckless daring. Scipio was the first Roman general to expand Roman territories outside Italy and islands around the Italian mainland. [18], He often visited the temple of Jupiter and made offerings there. Raphael's painting Vision of a Knight is thought to be a depiction of Scipio. Livy describes this belief as it was perceived then, without offering his opinion as to its veracity. After his rapid success in conquering Hispania, and with the idea of striking a blow at Carthage in Africa, Scipio paid a short visit to the Numidian princes Syphax and Massinissa. The march from Handel's setting, entitled Scipione, remains the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards. We support the teaching, learning and enjoyment of history. Scipio Africanus had two sons. View CNN world news today for international news and videos from Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and the Americas. Scipio is also mentioned in Machiavelli's work The Prince (Chapter XVII "Concerning Cruelty And Clemency, And Whether It Is Better To Be Loved Than Feared"). UFC's Israel Adesanya fails in weight class jump A.D. … Bust tentatively identified as Scipio Africanus, formerly attributed to. A history is a chronicle of events, like the history of the United States’ mission to put a man on the moon, or the world history class that you have to memorize all those dates for. Hannibal was born in 247 B.C. [27] This episode was frequently depicted by painters of the Renaissance and early modern era as the Continence of Scipio. Scipio's political enemies, led by Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder, gained ground. Cosmopolitan definition, free from local, provincial, or national ideas, prejudices, or attachments; at home all over the world. The true measure of Scipio's character in this regard can perhaps be seen by his behaviour shortly after returning in triumph from Africa to a grateful Rome. A brief history of humankind in Javascript World JS: History Simulation Home Github x Statistic Basic More • Men: 0 • Women: 0 • Boys: 0 • Girls: 0 • Families: 0 • Food resource: 0! A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio, with crucial support from Numidian leader Masinissa, defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal. He became consul (abdicating or resigning in 162 BC for religious reasons, then being re-elected in 155 BC), censor in 159 BC, Princeps Senatus, and died as Pontifex Maximus in 141 BC. In 211 BC, both Scipio's father, Publius Scipio, and uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, were killed at the Battle of the Upper Baetis in Spain against Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca. His birth year is calculated from statements made by ancient historians (mainly Livy and Polybius) of how old he was when certain events in his life occurred and must have been 236/5 BC, usually stated as circa 236 BC.[3]. (The word “Punic,” later the name for the series of wars between Carthage and Rome, was derived from the Latin word for Phoenician.) He also appears in the Haemimont Games video game Imperivm III: The Great Battles of Rome, Centurion: Defender of Rome,[32] and in the Hannibal at the Gates campaign in Total War: Rome II. World History Group has nine history magazines published in Leesburg, VA. Our editors strive to make history interesting and educational for all of our readers. For his self-restraint in putting the good of the republic ahead of his own gain, Scipio was praised by Livy for showing uncommon greatness of mind—an example conspicuously not emulated by Marius, Sulla or Caesar.[18]. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to... Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in the Punic Wars, but for six centuries before that Carthage was remarkably successful in conquering lucrative territories in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily. Having served with these men at Cannae, Scipio was well aware that their disgrace was through no fault of their own. "[6], He survived the disaster at the Battle of Cannae, where his would-be father-in-law, the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was killed. Mere days after Hasdrubal's defeat, Mago and Gisgo were able to converge in front of the Roman positions, bringing into question what would have happened had Scipio pursued Hasdrubal. Aemilia Paulla had unusual freedom and wealth for a patrician married woman, and she was an important role model for many younger Roman women,[citation needed] just as her youngest daughter Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, would be an important role model for many Late Republican Roman noblewomen, including allegedly the mother of Julius Caesar. Scipio's objective was, therefore, to quickly eliminate one of the armies to give him the luxury of dealing with the other two piecemeal. Numidia was of vital importance to Carthage, supplying both mercenaries and allied forces. Roman javelins were used to good effect, and the sharp traps caused further disorder among the elephants. 1st cent. Hannibal could boast a strength of around forty thousand: 36,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, compared to Scipio's 29,000 infantry and 6,100 cavalry. The Roman infantry had driven off the two front lines of the Carthaginian army, and in the respite took an opportunity to drink water. b.c. Livy tells the story of his troops capturing a beautiful woman, whom they offered to Scipio as a prize of war. In 209 BC, Scipio fought his first set piece battle, driving back Hasdrubal Barca from his position at Baecula on the upper Guadalquivir. As a Roman hero, Scipio appears in Book VI of the Aeneid where he is shown to Aeneas in a vision in the underworld. The Voice for History We are the UK National Charity for History. Scipio is also the starting Commander for the Roman civilization in the mobile game Rise of Kingdoms. Scipio's only descendants living through the late Republican period were the descendants of his two daughters, his sons having died without legitimate surviving issue. The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC near Zama, now in Tunisia, and marked the end of the Second Punic War. The two brothers brought the war to a conclusion by a decisive victory at Magnesia in the same year. [citation needed]. The granddaughter of Gaius Gracchus, Fulvia, was also unusually prominent for a Roman woman in the affairs of the late republic, marrying Publius Clodius, Gaius Curio and Mark Antony in turn. He was the eldest son of the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio by his wife Pomponia, daughter of plebeian consul Manius Pomponius Matho. The Romans had for a long time used service in Sicily as a punishment, with the result that the garrison in Sicily contained survivors from many of the greatest Roman military fiascos in the war, such as the Battle of Cannae. In 203 BC, he destroyed the combined armies of the Carthaginians and Numidians by approaching by stealth and setting fire to their camp, where the combined army became panicked and fled, when they were mostly killed by Scipio's army. [22] The younger Lucius Cornelius Scipio became praetor in 174 BC,[23] and was expelled from the Senate by the censors. [20] It is supposedly in gratitude for this act that Scipio betrothed his youngest daughter Cornelia (then aged about 5) to Gracchus, several decades her senior (however, no contemporaneous references to this event exist; what is known is that Gracchus did marry Cornelia, aged about 18, in 172 BC). Scipio's great-grandfather, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, and grandfather Lucius Cornelius Scipio, had both been consuls and censors. Fabius still feared Hannibal's power, and viewed any mission to Africa as dangerous and wasteful to the war effort. However, the strength of this belief is evident, even a generation later when his adopted grandson, Publius Aemilianus Scipio, was elected to the consulship from the office of tribune. He returned the woman to her fiancé, along with the money that had been offered by her parents to ransom her. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, "Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project". Despite the popular support that Scipio commanded, there were renewed attempts to bring him to trial, but these appear to have been deflected by his future son-in-law, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. Comparative History, Political, Military, Art, Science, Literature, Religion, Philosophy. Some of the Roman Senate, championed by Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator ("the Delayer"), opposed the mission. Start studying AP World History Chapter 6 Rome. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. After the battle, with the other consul surviving elsewhere, Scipio and Appius Claudius Pulcher, as military tribunes, took charge of some 10,360 survivors. His Graecophile lifestyle, and his unconventional way of wearing the Roman toga, raised much opposition among some Senators of Rome, led by Cato the Elder who felt that Greek influence was destroying Roman culture. Syphax later changed his mind, married the beautiful Carthaginian noblewoman Sophonisba, daughter of Hasdrubal the son of Gisco, and fought alongside his Carthaginian in-laws against Massinissa and Scipio in Africa. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. History: an account of important events in the order in which they happened. Scipio Africanus - Scipio Africanus - The legend of Scipio: Such was Scipio’s impact upon the Romans that even during his lifetime, legends began to cluster around him; he was regarded as favoured by Fortune or even divinely inspired. The armies of Carthage permitted the city to forge the most powerful empire in the western Mediterranean from the 6th to 3rd centuries BCE. ", "Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, (The Elder) (237–183 BC), son of Publius Cornelius Scipio", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scipio_Africanus&oldid=1009507443, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2020, All articles needing additional references, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica – son, married Licinia Crassa Prima, daughter of, Lucius Licinius Crassus Scipio –younger son, adopted by his grandfather, Cornelia Scipionis – daughter, married Publius Cornelius M. f. Lentulus, This page was last edited on 28 February 2021, at 23:20. Carthage, and especially Hannibal himself, had long relied upon these superb natural horsemen, who would now fight for Rome against Carthage. Charging the rear of Hannibal's army, they caused what many historians have called the "Roman Cannae". Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (/ˈskɪpioʊ/, /ˈsɪ-/, Latin: [ˈskiːpioː]; 236/235–183 BC) was a Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time. Scipio's humanitarian conduct toward prisoners and hostages in Hispania helped in portraying the Romans as liberators as opposed to conquerors. The relatives of Scipio continued to dominate the republic for a couple of generations. Epic definition, noting or pertaining to a long poetic composition, usually centered upon a hero, in which a series of great achievements or events is narrated in … Learn More. His other known grandson Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio was far more conservative than his Gracchi cousins. In being a successful general who demanded lands for his soldiers, Scipio may have led the way for later generals such as Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar. The elder, Cornelia, married her second cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (son of the consul of 191 BC who was himself son of Scipio's elder paternal uncle Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus). [citation needed]. Scipio is mentioned four times in Dante's Divine Comedy: in "Inferno"—Canto XXXI, in "Purgatorio"—Canto XXIX, and in "Paradiso"—Cantos VI and XXVII. The history of the world isn’t easily condensed, but the timeline here does a good job of hitting the high notes and most significant events of roughly 4,000 years from the beginnings of Hinduism to the freeing of Nelson Mandela. In addition, the Sicilian garrison also contained many of the troops who had participated in the Sicilian campaigns of Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The most probable explanation from a strategic standpoint is Scipio's unwillingness to risk being trapped between Hasdrubal's army on one side and one or both of Gisgo's and Mago's armies, both of superior numerical strength. According to Valerius Maximus, Scipio had a relationship from circa 191 BC with one of his own serving girls, which his wife magnanimously overlooked. There was a belief that he was a special favourite of heaven and actually communicated with the gods. Livy continues, "On Scipio's again asking him whom he regarded as the third, Hannibal, without any hesitation, replied, 'Myself.' Scipio is the hero of Petrarch's Latin epic Africa. How to use import in a sentence. Scipio Nasica rose to many of the dignities enjoyed by his late father-in-law, and was noted for his staunch (if ultimately futile) opposition to Cato the Censor over the fate of Carthage from about 157 to 149 BC. Social studies of American history and ancient civilizations for students and teachers. Historians are roughly equal in their praise and condemnation for this act. In 193 BC, Scipio was one of the commissioners sent to Africa to settle a dispute between Massinissa and the Carthaginians, which the commission did not achieve. [7], Scipio offered himself as a candidate for aedilis curulis in 213 BC alongside his cousin Marcus Cornelius Cethegus. Unlike Marius or Caesar, however, he did not seek to use his charisma and reputation to weaken the Republic. He is also known as Scipio the Elder. [28] The affair, if it lasted from circa 191 BC to Scipio's death 183 BC, might have resulted in issue (not mentioned); what is mentioned is that the girl was freed by Aemilia Paulla after Scipio's death and married to one of his freedmen. [19] He lived there for the rest of his life, revealing his great magnanimity[citation needed] by attempting to prevent the ruin of the exiled Hannibal by Rome.